Surgical procedures performed on the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. These surgeries are typically carried out to treat various conditions, such as cancer, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), achalasia, and strictures. The specific treatment approach depends on the underlying condition and its severity. Here are some common types of oesophageal surgery and their associated treatments:

1. Esophagectomy: This is a major surgical procedure where a part or the entire esophagus is removed. It’s often used to treat esophageal cancer. There are a few different approaches to esophagectomy:

   • Transhiatal Esophagectomy: The surgeon removes the esophagus through an incision in the neck and another in the abdomen. This method is less invasive but may not be suitable for all cases.

   • Transthoracic Esophagectomy: The surgeon removes the esophagus through an incision in the chest and abdomen. This approach allows for more thorough removal of lymph nodes and tissues but is more invasive.

   • Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy: This approach involves smaller incisions and the use of specialized instruments, such as a laparoscope and thoracoscope, to remove the esophagus. It can lead to faster recovery times compared to traditional open surgery.

2. Fundoplication: This procedure is used to treat severe GERD. It involves wrapping the top of the stomach (fundus) around the lower esophagus to prevent stomach acid from flowing back into the esophagus.

3. Heller Myotomy: Used to treat achalasia, a condition where the lower esophageal sphincter doesn’t relax properly, a Heller myotomy involves cutting the muscle at the lower end of the esophagus to allow easier passage of food and liquids into the stomach.

4. Dilation: For benign strictures (narrowing) of the esophagus, dilation may be performed. This involves stretching the narrowed area using specialized tools, such as balloons or dilators.

5. Stent Placement: In cases of esophageal cancer or strictures, a stent (a tube-like device) may be inserted to help keep the esophagus open and allow for easier passage of food and fluids.

6. Cancer Resection: Surgical removal of a tumor or cancerous tissue in the esophagus is performed in cases of esophageal cancer. This can be done through various approaches, including minimally invasive techniques.

7. Gastroplasty: This procedure involves reshaping the stomach to help prevent reflux in cases where GERD is severe and doesn’t respond to other treatments.

8. Endoscopic Treatments: Some conditions can be treated using endoscopy, a minimally invasive procedure where a thin tube with a camera and tools is inserted through the mouth. This approach can be used for conditions like removing small tumors or treating bleeding in the esophagus.